Adding your SSH key to the ssh-agent. Before adding a new SSH key to the ssh-agent to manage your keys, you should have checked for existing SSH keys and generated a new SSH key. When adding your SSH key to the agent, use the default macOS ssh-add command, and not an application installed by macports, homebrew, or some other external source. Oct 06, 2019 Let's look at how you can update or change your SSH key Passphrase on a Linux system. SSH keys are often used to authenticate users to some kind of. Let’s generate SSH key without a passphrase. Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/idrsa. Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/idrsa.pub. The key fingerprint is.
Generating SSH key pair consists of two basic phases. The first phase is generating the key pair on the local side, the second phase is copying it to the remote host, registering in the server and configuring the ssh daemon to make it useful. A key pair consists of two files, id_rsa and id_rsa.pub which are private and public keys respectively. The public key resides on the server side, whereas the private key is used when accessing it over SSH protocol.
In the following example ssh-keygen command is used to generate the key pair. When generating the key pair, the command prompt asks a name for a key, if it’s omitted the default name – id_rsa is used instead.
Once the key pair is generated on the local side through terminal window, the next step is to prepare them for employing for authentication purpose. The most convenient way to upload and register the public key in the server is using the ssh-copy-id command, what it does is copy the public key to the given user account located in the given host. As seen in the following example when the ssh-copy-id, username, the host name along with the password are all given the public key is copied and registered on the server side. If the username is root, the public key is uploaded to /root/.ssh/ on the server.
That being said, the server still isn’t protected with the SSH key pair as it’s not configured properly. Anyone can still access to the server if the password of the user account is known; hence the password has to be disabled while enabling the key pair verification. To disable the password authentication, edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config file where the settings for the SSH daemon are contained. In the file, the PasswordAuthentication has to be altered to NO, ChallengeResponseAuthentication should be altered to No as well. As the next step the sshd daemon has to be restarted for changes to take effect, which can be done with sudo systemctl reload sshd. Finally, the new key pair authentication method can be tested by giving ssh username@username in the terminal window.
The key pair is a part of the SSH standard which is used to connect to a remote host over an unsecured network. As stated earlier, the key pair consists of two keys – public and private keys which are uploaded to the server side and kept on the client side respectively. The public key is denoted by .pub extension, and the private key doesn’t have any extension.
When the user is accessing the server, the SSH daemon installed on the server side requests the user for the SSH private key, if it’s provided the private key is compared against the public key in the server. If the private key corresponds to the public key, authentication is successful, otherwise it rejects the login request. By default, the key pair uses RSA which is a cryptographic algorithm to generate the keys. But there are other popular algorithms as well, such as DSA and ECDSA.
ssh-keygen is used to generate keys and it provides a number of options to ease the key pair management, tighten the security and increase the flexibility. The following options are some of the prominent options which may come handy when managing a server.
The Passphrase option is used to provide a secondary protection when a key pair is used to authenticate the user. What it does is to secure the private key with a password and consequently the user is required to provide the passphrase when logging in to the remote host. It asks during the key pair creation.
Bit strength refers to the key pair’s key size which defines how strong the key pair is. Nowadays the standard size is 2048 bits, but it used to be 1024 bits and is no longer acceptable as it’s speculated that many powerful hardware are capable of cracking anything up to 1024 bits or even above given the right amount of time. Fortunately, ssh-keygen currently supports higher bit strength values such as 2048 and its next fashionable number 4096 which is recommended if it’s possible due to the large bit strength. The bit strength value can be adjusted with –b command, if it’s omitted the default value – 1024 or 2048 depending on the ssh-keygen is used. adobe cc crack mac torrent
Commenting is applicable to the public key, and is useful in organizing the keys if there are a large number of keys involved. The typical usage of commenting is when multiple admins use a server, but still want to distinguish one key from another. The following format is used to add a comment when generating a key pair.
Like adding a passphrase when generating a key pair, the existing passphrase can also be changed. Since the passphrase is applicable to the private key which resides on the client side, the command has to be executed on the client side along with the name of the private key. This option takes 3 parameters, old password, new password and the private key to apply the changes.
The Algorithm defines how the information in the key pair is encrypted in order to verify each other when the connection is being established. Ssh-keygen supports several popular algorithm types which are RSA, ECDSA, DSA, ED25519 and RSA1. Nowadays the popular algorithm among many servers is RSA due to its wide spread usage and relatively good security, however it’s currently being upgraded to the newer version ECDSA which is much lighter, and has a low bit value with a high security compared to RSA. ED25519 is the newest version among these, and therefore not many clients support it, but still server side implementation is possible at the moment. DSA is the oldest version among all these algorithms, and is no longer employed in most of the hosts as it’s not secure anymore. According to OpenSSH 7 standard the support for DSA will no longer be given. The format to use the algorithm is as following.
This article or section needs expansion.
SSH keys can serve as a means of identifying yourself to an SSH server using public-key cryptography and challenge-response authentication. The major advantage of key-based authentication is that in contrast to password authentication it is not prone to brute-force attacks and you do not expose valid credentials, if the server has been compromised.[1]
Furthermore SSH key authentication can be more convenient than the more traditional password authentication. When used with a program known as an SSH agent, SSH keys can allow you to connect to a server, or multiple servers, without having to remember or enter your password for each system.
Key-based authentication is not without its drawbacks and may not be appropriate for all environments, but in many circumstances it can offer some strong advantages. A general understanding of how SSH keys work will help you decide how and when to use them to meet your needs.
This article assumes you already have a basic understanding of the Secure Shell protocol and have installed the openssh package.
SSH keys are always generated in pairs with one known as the private key and the other as the public key. The private key is known only to you and it should be safely guarded. By contrast, the public key can be shared freely with any SSH server to which you wish to connect.
If an SSH server has your public key on file and sees you requesting a connection, it uses your public key to construct and send you a challenge. This challenge is an encrypted message and it must be met with the appropriate response before the server will grant you access. What makes this coded message particularly secure is that it can only be understood by the private key holder. While the public key can be used to encrypt the message, it cannot be used to decrypt that very same message. Only you, the holder of the private key, will be able to correctly understand the challenge and produce the proper response.
This challenge-response phase happens behind the scenes and is invisible to the user. As long as you hold the private key, which is typically stored in the ~/.ssh/
directory, your SSH client should be able to reply with the appropriate response to the server.
A private key is a guarded secret and as such it is advisable to store it on disk in an encrypted form. When the encrypted private key is required, a passphrase must first be entered in order to decrypt it. While this might superficially appear as though you are providing a login password to the SSH server, the passphrase is only used to decrypt the private key on the local system. The passphrase is not transmitted over the network.
An SSH key pair can be generated by running the ssh-keygen
command, defaulting to 3072-bit RSA (and SHA256) which the ssh-keygen(1) man page says is 'generally considered sufficient' and should be compatible with virtually all clients and servers:
The randomart image was introduced in OpenSSH 5.1 as an easier means of visually identifying the key fingerprint.
-a
switch to specify the number of KDF rounds on the password encryption.You can also add an optional comment field to the public key with the -C
switch, to more easily identify it in places such as ~/.ssh/known_hosts
, ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
and ssh-add -L
output. For example:
will add a comment saying which user created the key on which machine and when.
OpenSSH supports several signing algorithms (for authentication keys) which can be divided in two groups depending on the mathematical properties they exploit:
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms are a more recent addition to public key cryptosystems. One of their main advantages is their ability to provide the same level of security with smaller keys, which makes for less computationally intensive operations (i.e. faster key creation, encryption and decryption) and reduced storage and transmission requirements.
OpenSSH 7.0 deprecated and disabled support for DSA keys due to discovered vulnerabilities, therefore the choice of cryptosystem lies within RSA or one of the two types of ECC.
#RSA keys will give you the greatest portability, while #Ed25519 will give you the best security but requires recent versions of client & server[2][dead link 2020-04-02 ⓘ]. #ECDSA is likely more compatible than Ed25519 (though still less than RSA), but suspicions exist about its security (see below).
ssh-keygen
defaults to RSA therefore there is no need to specify it with the -t
option. It provides the best compatibility of all algorithms but requires the key size to be larger to provide sufficient security.
Minimum key size is 1024 bits, default is 3072 (see ssh-keygen(1)) and maximum is 16384.
If you wish to generate a stronger RSA key pair (e.g. to guard against cutting-edge or unknown attacks and more sophisticated attackers), simply specify the -b
option with a higher bit value than the default:
Be aware though that there are diminishing returns in using longer keys.[3][4] The GnuPG FAQ reads: 'If you need more security than RSA-2048 offers, the way to go would be to switch to elliptical curve cryptography — not to continue using RSA'.[5]
On the other hand, the latest iteration of the NSA Fact Sheet Suite B Cryptography[dead link 2020-04-02 ⓘ] suggests a minimum 3072-bit modulus for RSA while '[preparing] for the upcoming quantum resistant algorithm transition'.[6]
The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) was introduced as the preferred algorithm for authentication in OpenSSH 5.7. Some vendors also disable the required implementations due to potential patent issues.
There are two sorts of concerns with it:
Both of those concerns are best summarized in libssh curve25519 introduction. Although the political concerns are still subject to debate, there is a clear consensus that #Ed25519 is technically superior and should therefore be preferred.
Ed25519 was introduced in OpenSSH 6.5 of January 2014: 'Ed25519 is an elliptic curve signature scheme that offers better security than ECDSA and DSA and good performance'. Its main strengths are its speed, its constant-time run time (and resistance against side-channel attacks), and its lack of nebulous hard-coded constants.[7] See also this blog post by a Mozilla developer on how it works.
It is already implemented in many applications and libraries and is the default key exchange algorithm (which is different from key signature) in OpenSSH.
Ed25519 key pairs can be generated with:
There is no need to set the key size, as all Ed25519 keys are 256 bits.
Keep in mind that older SSH clients and servers may not support these keys.
Upon issuing the ssh-keygen
command, you will be prompted for the desired name and location of your private key. By default, keys are stored in the ~/.ssh/
directory and named according to the type of encryption used. You are advised to accept the default name and location in order for later code examples in this article to work properly.
When prompted for a passphrase, choose something that will be hard to guess if you have the security of your private key in mind. A longer, more random password will generally be stronger and harder to crack should it fall into the wrong hands.
It is also possible to create your private key without a passphrase. While this can be convenient, you need to be aware of the associated risks. Without a passphrase, your private key will be stored on disk in an unencrypted form. Anyone who gains access to your private key file will then be able to assume your identity on any SSH server to which you connect using key-based authentication. Furthermore, without a passphrase, you must also trust the root user, as he can bypass file permissions and will be able to access your unencrypted private key file at any time.
If the originally chosen SSH key passphrase is undesirable or must be changed, one can use the ssh-keygen
command to change the passphrase without changing the actual key. This can also be used to change the password encoding format to the new standard.
It is possible — although controversial [8][9] — to use the same SSH key pair for multiple hosts.
On the other hand, it is rather easy to maintain distinct keys for multiple hosts by using the IdentityFile
directive in your openSSH config file:
See ssh_config(5) for full description of these options.
SSH keys can also be stored on a security token like a smart card or a USB token. This has the advantage that the private key is stored securely on the token instead of being stored on disk. When using a security token the sensitive private key is also never present in the RAM of the PC; the cryptographic operations are performed on the token itself. A cryptographic token has the additional advantage that it is not bound to a single computer; it can easily be removed from the computer and carried around to be used on other computers.
Examples are hardware tokens are described in:
This article or section needs expansion.
Once you have generated a key pair, you will need to copy the public key to the remote server so that it will use SSH key authentication. The public key file shares the same name as the private key except that it is appended with a .pub
extension. Note that the private key is not shared and remains on the local machine.
sh
shell such as tcsh
as default and uses OpenSSH older than 6.6.1p1. See this bug report.If your key file is ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
you can simply enter the following command.
If your username differs on remote machine, be sure to prepend the username followed by @
to the server name.
If your public key filename is anything other than the default of ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
you will get an error stating /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: ERROR: No identities found
. In this case, you must explicitly provide the location of the public key.
If the ssh server is listening on a port other than default of 22, be sure to include it within the host argument.
By default, for OpenSSH, the public key needs to be concatenated with ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
. Begin by copying the public key to the remote server.
The above example copies the public key (id_ecdsa.pub
) to your home directory on the remote server via scp
. Do not forget to include the :
at the end of the server address. Also note that the name of your public key may differ from the example given.
On the remote server, you will need to create the ~/.ssh
directory if it does not yet exist and append your public key to the authorized_keys
file.
The last two commands remove the public key file from the server and set the permissions on the authorized_keys
file such that it is only readable and writable by you, the owner.
If your private key is encrypted with a passphrase, this passphrase must be entered every time you attempt to connect to an SSH server using public-key authentication. Each individual invocation of ssh
or scp
will need the passphrase in order to decrypt your private key before authentication can proceed.
An SSH agent is a program which caches your decrypted private keys and provides them to SSH client programs on your behalf. In this arrangement, you must only provide your passphrase once, when adding your private key to the agent's cache. This facility can be of great convenience when making frequent SSH connections.
An agent is typically configured to run automatically upon login and persist for the duration of your login session. A variety of agents, front-ends, and configurations exist to achieve this effect. This section provides an overview of a number of different solutions which can be adapted to meet your specific needs.
ssh-agent
is the default agent included with OpenSSH. It can be used directly or serve as the back-end to a few of the front-end solutions mentioned later in this section. When ssh-agent
is run, it forks to background and prints necessary environment variables. E.g.
To make use of these variables, run the command through the eval
command.
Once ssh-agent
is running, you will need to add your private key to its cache:
If your private key is encrypted, ssh-add
will prompt you to enter your passphrase. Once your private key has been successfully added to the agent you will be able to make SSH connections without having to enter your passphrase.
ssh
clients, including git
store keys in the agent on first use, add the configuration setting AddKeysToAgent yes
to ~/.ssh/config
. Other possible values are confirm
, ask
and no
(default).In order to start the agent automatically and make sure that only one ssh-agent
process runs at a time, add the following to your ~/.bashrc
:
This will run a ssh-agent
process if there is not one already, and save the output thereof. If there is one running already, we retrieve the cached ssh-agent
output and evaluate it which will set the necessary environment variables.
There also exist a number of front-ends to ssh-agent
and alternative agents described later in this section which avoid this problem.
It is possible to use the systemd/User facilities to start the agent. Use this if you would like your ssh agent to run when you are logged in, regardless of whether x is running.
Add SSH_AUTH_SOCK DEFAULT='${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/ssh-agent.socket'
to ~/.pam_environment
. Then enable or start the service with the --user
flag.
An alternative way to start ssh-agent (with, say, each X session) is described in this ssh-agent tutorial by UC Berkeley Labs. A basic use case is if you normally begin X with the startx
command, you can instead prefix it with ssh-agent
like so:
And so you do not even need to think about it you can put an alias in your .bash_aliases
file or equivalent:
Doing it this way avoids the problem of having extraneous ssh-agent
instances floating around between login sessions. Exactly one instance will live and die with the entire X session.
ssh-agent startx
, you can add eval $(ssh-agent)
to ~/.xinitrc
.See the below notes on using x11-ssh-askpass with ssh-add for an idea on how to immediately add your key to the agent.
The gpg-agent has OpenSSH agent emulation. See GnuPG#SSH agent for necessary configuration.
Keychain is a program designed to help you easily manage your SSH keys with minimal user interaction. It is implemented as a shell script which drives both ssh-agent and ssh-add. A notable feature of Keychain is that it can maintain a single ssh-agent process across multiple login sessions. This means that you only need to enter your passphrase once each time your local machine is booted.
Install the keychain package.
-Q, --quick
option has the unexpected side-effect of making keychain switch to a newly-spawned ssh-agent upon relogin (at least on systems using GNOME), forcing you to re-add all the previously registered keys.Add a line similar to the following to your shell configuration file, e.g. if using Bash:
~/.bashrc
is used instead of the upstream suggested ~/.bash_profile
because on Arch it is sourced by both login and non-login shells, making it suitable for textual and graphical environments alike. See Bash#Invocation for more information on the difference between those.In the above example,
--eval
switch outputs lines to be evaluated by the opening eval
command; this sets the necessary environments variables for SSH client to be able to find your agent.--quiet
will limit output to warnings, errors, and user prompts.Multiple keys can be specified on the command line, as shown in the example. By default keychain will look for key pairs in the ~/.ssh/
directory, but absolute path can be used for keys in non-standard location. You may also use the --confhost
option to inform keychain to look in ~/.ssh/config
for IdentityFile
settings defined for particular hosts, and use these paths to locate keys.
See keychain --help
or keychain(1) for details on setting keychain for other shells.
To test Keychain, simply open a new terminal emulator or log out and back in your session. It should prompt you for the passphrase of the specified private key(s) (if applicable), either using the program set in $SSH_ASKPASS
or on the terminal.
Because Keychain reuses the same ssh-agent process on successive logins, you should not have to enter your passphrase the next time you log in or open a new terminal. You will only be prompted for your passphrase once each time the machine is rebooted.
.pub
extension. If the private key is a symlink, the public key can be found alongside the symlink or in the same directory as the symlink target (this capability requires the readlink
command to be available on the system).--nogui
option. This allows to copy-paste long passphrases from a password manager for example.--noask
option.--agents
option, e.g.--agents ssh,gpg
. See keychain(1).The x11-ssh-askpass package provides a graphical dialog for entering your passhrase when running an X session. x11-ssh-askpass depends only on the libx11 and libxt libraries, and the appearance of x11-ssh-askpass is customizable. While it can be invoked by the ssh-add program, which will then load your decrypted keys into ssh-agent, the following instructions will, instead, configure x11-ssh-askpass to be invoked by the aforementioned Keychain script.
Install the keychain and x11-ssh-askpass packages.
Edit your ~/.xinitrc
file to include the following lines, replacing the name and location of your private key if necessary. Be sure to place these commands before the line which invokes your window manager.
In the above example, the first line invokes keychain and passes the name and location of your private key. If this is not the first time keychain was invoked, the following two lines load the contents of $HOSTNAME-sh
and $HOSTNAME-sh-gpg
, if they exist. These files store the environment variables of the previous instance of keychain.
The ssh-add manual page specifies that, in addition to needing the DISPLAY
variable defined, you also need SSH_ASKPASS
set to the name of your askpass program (in this case x11-ssh-askpass). It bears keeping in mind that the default Arch Linux installation places the x11-ssh-askpass binary in /usr/lib/ssh/
, which will not be in most people's PATH
. This is a little annoying, not only when declaring the SSH_ASKPASS
variable, but also when theming. You have to specify the full path everywhere. Both inconveniences can be solved simultaneously by symlinking:
This is assuming that ~/bin
is in your PATH
. So now in your .xinitrc
, before calling your window manager, one just needs to export the SSH_ASKPASS
environment variable:
and your X resources will contain something like:
Doing it this way works well with the above method on using ssh-agent as a wrapper program. You start X with ssh-agent startx
and then add ssh-add to your window manager's list of start-up programs.
The appearance of the x11-ssh-askpass dialog can be customized by setting its associated X resources. Some examples are the .ad files at https://github.com/sigmavirus24/x11-ssh-askpass. See x11-ssh-askpass(1)[dead link 2019-05-05] for full details.
There are other passphrase dialog programs which can be used instead of x11-ssh-askpass. The following list provides some alternative solutions.
The pam_ssh project exists to provide a Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) for SSH private keys. This module can provide single sign-on behavior for your SSH connections. On login, your SSH private key passphrase can be entered in place of, or in addition to, your traditional system password. Once you have been authenticated, the pam_ssh module spawns ssh-agent to store your decrypted private key for the duration of the session.
To enable single sign-on behavior at the tty login prompt, install the unofficial pam_sshAUR package.
~/.ssh/login-keys.d/
.Create a symlink to your private key file and place it in ~/.ssh/login-keys.d/
. Replace the id_rsa
in the example below with the name of your own private key file.
Edit the /etc/pam.d/login
configuration file to include the text highlighted in bold in the example below. The order in which these lines appear is significiant and can affect login behavior.
In the above example, login authentication initially proceeds as it normally would, with the user being prompted to enter his user password. The additional auth
authentication rule added to the end of the authentication stack then instructs the pam_ssh module to try to decrypt any private keys found in the ~/.ssh/login-keys.d
directory. The try_first_pass
option is passed to the pam_ssh module, instructing it to first try to decrypt any SSH private keys using the previously entered user password. If the user's private key passphrase and user password are the same, this should succeed and the user will not be prompted to enter the same password twice. In the case where the user's private key passphrase user password differ, the pam_ssh module will prompt the user to enter the SSH passphrase after the user password has been entered. The optional
control value ensures that users without an SSH private key are still able to log in. In this way, the use of pam_ssh will be transparent to users without an SSH private key.
If you use another means of logging in, such as an X11 display manager like SLiM or XDM and you would like it to provide similar functionality, you must edit its associated PAM configuration file in a similar fashion. Packages providing support for PAM typically place a default configuration file in the /etc/pam.d/
directory.
Further details on how to use pam_ssh and a list of its options can be found in the pam_ssh(8) man page.
If you want to unlock the SSH keys or not depending on whether you use your key's passphrase or the (different!) login password, you can modify /etc/pam.d/system-auth
to
For an explanation, see [10].
Work on the pam_ssh project is infrequent and the documentation provided is sparse. You should be aware of some of its limitations which are not mentioned in the package itself.
ssh-agent
process spawned by pam_ssh does not persist between user logins. If you like to keep a GNU Screen session active between logins you may notice when reattaching to your screen session that it can no longer communicate with ssh-agent. This is because the GNU Screen environment and those of its children will still reference the instance of ssh-agent which existed when GNU Screen was invoked but was subsequently killed in a previous logout. The Keychain front-end avoids this problem by keeping the ssh-agent process alive between logins.As an alternative to pam_ssh you can use pam_exec-sshAUR. It is a shell script that uses pam_exec. Help for configuration can be found upstream.
If you use the GNOME desktop, the GNOME Keyring tool can be used as an SSH agent. See the GNOME Keyring article for further details.
For instructions on how to use kwallet to store your SSH keys, see KDE Wallet#Using the KDE Wallet to store ssh key passphrases.
KeeAgent is a plugin for KeePass that allows SSH keys stored in a KeePass database to be used for SSH authentication by other programs.
See KeePass#Plugin Installation in KeePass or install the keepass-plugin-keeagent package.
This agent can be used directly, by matching KeeAgent socket: KeePass -> Tools -> Options -> KeeAgent -> Agent mode socket file -> %XDG_RUNTIME_DIR%/keeagent.socket
-and environment variable:export SSH_AUTH_SOCK='$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR'/keeagent.socket'
.
The KeePassXC fork of KeePass supports being used as an SSH agent by default. Mega stuck on generating key. It is also compatible with KeeAgent's database format.
StrictModes
to no
in /etc/ssh/sshd_config
. If authentication with StrictModes off
is successful, it is likely an issue with file permissions persists.~/.ssh/authorized_keys
are entered correctly and only use one single line.